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Date: August 1, 2024 at 8:01:09 AM GMT-3
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Volume 632 Issue 8023   This week       Welcome to the latest e-alert – manage your Nature Portfolio or Springer email updates for the most relevant content alerts. Editorial         Predatory conferences are on the rise. Here are five ways to tackle them Early-career researchers are being targeted by organizers of exploitative meetings. There needs to be more awareness and perhaps legal redress over this dangerous development.   World View         Guidelines on lab-grown embryo models are strong enough to meet ethical standards — and will build trust in science The UK code of practice for researchers working with stem-cell-based embryo models is designed to both reassure the public and provide valuable guidance to researchers. Roger Sturmey Research Highlights         This issue's Research Highlights Selections from the scientific literature. New Online         The mathematician who helps Olympic swimmers go faster Some US athletes could owe part of their stellar performances to Ken Ono’s scientific approach. Davide Castelvecchi Last men standing Double trouble. Al Williams Your nose has its own army of immune cells — here’s how it protects you Detailed profile of the immune cells in the upper airway could help to improve nasal vaccines. Max Kozlov First map of an ice shelf’s bottom reveals mysterious melt patterns High-resolution images of the underside of a formation in Antarctica could help researchers to refine projections of sea-level rise. Alix Soliman ‘Ocean ranching’ has led to a pink salmon boom — but there might be a catch Unintended interbreeding between hatchery-bred and wild-born pink salmon could reduce resiliency of fish stocks. Alix Soliman AI is complicating plagiarism. How should scientists respond? The explosive uptake of generative artificial intelligence in writing is raising difficult questions about when use of the technology should be allowed. Diana Kwon Sexual harassment in science: biologists in India speak out Nature interviewed 12 female wildlife researchers who say they were harassed while working at conservation organizations in India. Why does the country’s sexual-harassment law sometimes fail to safeguard women? Gayathri Vaidyanathan We are junior scientists from emerging economies — the world needs more researchers like us solving global problems Scientific advancement relies on equitable international collaboration. And right now, it’s not equitable enough. Mohammed Shaaban, Abib Duut, Nana Mensah Effort to ‘Trump-proof’ US science grows, but will it succeed? Unions are joining the Biden administration’s campaign to promote scientific integrity and protect government scientists from political interference. Jeff Tollefson Seventh patient ‘cured’ of HIV: why scientists are excited A man in Germany is HIV-free after receiving stem cells that are not resistant to the virus. Smriti Mallapaty Retraction notices are getting clearer — but progress is slow Communications relating to retractions are often still opaque and lacking in detail, but an analysis finds some evidence of improvement. Miryam Naddaf

News in Focus   News         Exclusive: the Trump administration demoted this climate scientist — now she wants reform Virginia Burkett has filed a whistle-blower complaint, asking for an investigation and better policies to protect scientists against political interference. Jeff Tollefson What Kamala Harris’s historic bid for the US presidency means for science The daughter of a scientist and a supporter of diversity in STEM, Harris as a potential candidate has stirred optimism among scientists. Max Kozlov, Mariana Lenharo, Jeff Tollefson Heaviest element yet within reach after major breakthrough Success with a new route to producing superheavy elements paves the way to making the elusive element 120. Katherine Bourzac AI models fed AI-generated data quickly spew nonsense Researchers gave successive versions of a large language model information produced by previous generations of the AI — and observed rapid collapse. Elizabeth Gibney Don’t fade away: memory for music persists with age Eighty-year-olds are able to identify familiar tunes just as well as teenagers can. Bianca Nogrady Three ways AI is changing the 2024 Olympics for athletes and fans From training to broadcasting, artificial intelligence will have an imprint on this year’s event for the first time. Sumeet Kulkarni Features         How pregnancy transforms the brain to prepare it for parenthood It’s a transformational time long neglected by neuroscience. That is starting to change. Liam Drew

Multimedia       Fish can tell the direction of sounds — here's how New research finally unravels the mystery of how fish can hear directionally. How light-based computers could cut AI’s energy needs Replacing lasers with LEDs in computer components lowers power consumption &mdash plus, the spread of H5N1 influenza in US cow herds. Audio long read: Hope, despair and CRISPR — the race to save one woman's life The tragic quest to develop a gene-editing therapy for a rare neurodegenerative disease showcases the messy state of modern drug development.

Opinion   Obituary         V. Craig Jordan obituary: pharmacologist who revolutionized breast cancer treatments Pioneer of targeted therapy in cancer who turned failed contraceptive tamoxifen into an essential drug for treating breast cancer and osteoporosis. Balkees Abderrahman Comment         Stop just paying lip service on publication integrity Too often, journal assessments of potentially unreliable research are superficial, opaque and prolonged. Changes to the guidance given by the Committee on Publication Ethics could tighten up the process. Andrew Grey, Alison Avenell, Andrew A. Klein et al. Correspondence         Supreme Court ruling alters risk landscape Letter to the Editor Benjamin D. Trump, Igor Linkov Polar bear threat for Arctic researchers Letter to the Editor Astrid Strunk Wasted renewables deny households cheap energy Letter to the Editor Spyros Foteinis

Work   Feature         How to spot a predatory conference, and what science needs to do about them: a guide Researchers who have fallen prey to predatory conferences share the tell-tale signs of a dud event. Christine Ro Where I Work         Are our rock-climbing shoes shedding plastics? Environmental scientist Anya Sherman studies how microplastics can be taken up by crops and people. Virginia Gewin

Research   NEW ONLINE     A joint bacterial effort to produce vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 consists of two molecular components and has been thought to be synthesized only in full by certain bacteria. It emerges that two bacterial strains that each exclusively produce one building block can complement each other to enable joint synthesis of the vitamin. Stronger Gulf Stream during the last ice age Palaeoceanographic proxy data and climate-model simulations reveal that during the last ice age — about 20,000 years ago — the Gulf Stream was much stronger than it is now because of more-powerful winds across the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox is achieved using a highly Brønsted-acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst. Na Luo, Mathias Turberg, Markus Leutzsch et al. Transport and inhibition mechanisms of the human noradrenaline transporter Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the noradrenaline transporter (NET) reveal binding modes of adrenaline, coordination of sodium and chloride ion binding and the binding sites and mechanisms of inhibition by conotoxin, bupropion and ziprasidone. Tuo Hu, Zhuoya Yu, Jun Zhao et al. Dopamine biases decisions by limiting temporal integration In Drosophila, dopamine sets motivational state during mating by regulating the integration of competing drives in copulation decision neurons, potentially indicative of a more general role for control over neuronal integration time in the regulation of behavioural decisions. Aditya K. Gautham, Lauren E. Miner, Marco N. Franco et al. Histone serotonylation regulates ependymoma tumorigenesis Serotonin has a role in ependymoma tumorigenesis through modifying histones and thereby regulating key transcription factors and activating specific oncogenic transcriptional networks in brain cells. Hsiao-Chi Chen, Peihao He, Malcolm McDonald et al. FANCD2–FANCI surveys DNA and recognizes double- to single-stranded junctions FANCD2–FANCI is a sliding clamp that diffuses on double-stranded DNA but stalls when it reaches a single-stranded gap, providing a unified molecular mechanism that reconciles the roles of FANCD2–FANCI in the recognition and protection of stalled replication forks. Pablo Alcón, Artur P. Kaczmarczyk, Korak Kumar Ray et al. Organ systems of a Cambrian euarthropod larva Youti yuanshi is a euarthropod species newly described from a fossilized larva from Yunnan Province, China dating approximately to late Atdabanian stage, Cambrian period, and provides insights into the evolution of arthropods. Martin R. Smith, Emma J. Long, Alavya Dhungana et al. Gut microbiota carcinogen metabolism causes distal tissue tumours A study links environmental nitrosamines to bladder cancer through their metabolism by specific commensal microorganisms occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and mice. Blanka Roje, Boyao Zhang, Eleonora Mastrorilli et al. The development of terrestrial ecosystems emerging after glacier retreat Across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, environmental properties and biodiversity have shown complex patterns of change since glaciers retreated. Gentile Francesco Ficetola, Silvio Marta, Alessia Guerrieri et al. Turbinate-homing IgA-secreting cells originate in the nasal lymphoid tissues Nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, followed by homing to the nasal turbinates and glandular acinar structures. Jingjing Liu, Liat Stoler-Barak, Hadas Hezroni-Bravyi et al. Deep crustal assimilation during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Fires, Iceland Using osmium isotopes, the 2021 Fagradalsfjall lavas in Iceland are shown to be both fractionally crystallized and strongly crustally contaminated, probably by mid-ocean-ridge gabbros and older basalts underlying the Reykjanes Peninsula. James M. D. Day, Savannah Kelly, Valentin R. Troll et al. Propofol rescues voltage-dependent gating of HCN1 channel epilepsy mutants Propofol repairs malfunctioning mutant HCN1 channels associated with epilepsy, and its unusual mechanism of action on these ion channels can potentially be exploited to design precision drugs targeting HCN channelopathies. Elizabeth D. Kim, Xiaoan Wu, Sangyun Lee et al. Immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway This study of immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway provides new understanding of immune memory at a major mucosal barrier tissue in humans. Sydney I. Ramirez, Farhoud Faraji, L. Benjamin Hills et al. Passive wing deployment and retraction in beetles and flapping microrobots We find that rhinoceros beetles passively deploy and retract their hindwings without muscular activity, demonstrating this with insect-like microrobots. Hoang-Vu Phan, Hoon Cheol Park, Dario Floreano Structural switch in acetylcholine receptors in developing muscle Structures of fetal and adult muscle acetylcholine receptors reveal a developmental switch that alters channel biophysics and pharmacology to enable neuromuscular junction maturation, uncovering pathogenic mechanisms underlying congenital myasthenic syndromes. Huanhuan Li, Jinfeng Teng, Ryan E. Hibbs Rhapsodies in green: the poetry of plant biology Poems that bring plant biology to life, and remembering the achievements of the physicist Patrick Blackett, in our weekly dip into Nature’s archive. Lipids act as structural components of the pore of an ion-channel family Structural, functional and computational evidence demonstrates that when certain ion channels are activated by mechanical force, they assume an open configuration in which the pore is formed by both protein and lipids. Mental maps help monkeys to navigate without sensory input Cognitive maps are internal representations of the external environment. Evidence from monkeys shows that a cognitive map can support the mental navigation of an array of landmarks without sensory input. Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14 Stefano Carniani, Kevin Hainline, Francesco D’Eugenio et al.   News & Views         Carbon pricing reduces emissions Thomas Sterner A psychedelic state arises from desynchronized brain activity Petros D. Petridis Cheap light sources could make AI more energy efficient Kathy Lüdge, Lina Jaurigue   Blocking an inflammatory protein slows the pace of ageing Richard A. Miller Microchip minutiae imaged using rapid X-ray bursts Tais Gorkhover, Daniela Rupp Reviews         Sophisticated natural products as antibiotics This Review examines the diverse strategies utilized by naturally occurring antibiotics and suggests how they have provided, and will in future provide, inspiration for the design of novel antibiotics. Kim Lewis, Richard E. Lee, Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt et al. Articles         A hot-Jupiter progenitor on a super-eccentric retrograde orbit The spectroscopic and photometric observations of a high-mass, transiting warm Jupiter, TIC 241249530 b, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.94, provide evidence that hot Jupiters may have formed by means of a high-eccentricity tidal-migration pathway. Arvind F. Gupta, Sarah C. Millholland, Haedam Im et al. Partial coherence enhances parallelized photonic computing Two photonic platforms using a convolutional processing system with partially coherent light sources is shown to boost computing parallelism, demonstrated using the classification of gaits of patients with Parkinson’s disease and the MNIST handwritten digits dataset. Bowei Dong, Frank Brückerhoff-Plückelmann, Lennart Meyer et al. Dirac mass induced by optical gain and loss By using a photonic synthetic lattice, it can be experimentally demonstrated that Dirac masses can be induced by means of non-Hermitian perturbations based on optical gain and loss. Letian Yu, Haoran Xue, Ruixiang Guo et al. Unconventional superconductivity in chiral molecule–TaS2 hybrid superlattices By incorporating chiral molecules into conventional superconductor lattices such as TaS2 to form a hybrid superlattice, non-centrosymmetry could be introduced and can be shown to help lead to unconventional superconductivity. Zhong Wan, Gang Qiu, Huaying Ren et al. Magnetic field expulsion in optically driven YBa2Cu3O6.48 A time-dependent magnetic field expulsion was measured in optically driven YBa2Cu3O6.48 above the equilibrium superconducting transition temperature and all the way to room temperature. S. Fava, G. De Vecchi, G. Jotzu et al. High-performance 4-nm-resolution X-ray tomography using burst ptychography X-ray computed tomography is combined with burst ptychography and filtered back-propagation to achieve high-speed, three-dimensional imaging of features as small as 4 nm. Tomas Aidukas, Nicholas W. Phillips, Ana Diaz et al. A holistic platform for accelerating sorbent-based carbon capture A framework that integrates materials, process design, techno-economics and life-cycle assessment can be used to accelerate the development of carbon-capture technology as we aim for a net-zero world. Charithea Charalambous, Elias Moubarak, Johannes Schilling et al. Deeper and stronger North Atlantic Gyre during the Last Glacial Maximum Analysis of benthic foraminiferal δ18O profiles from sediment cores in two depth transects in the Northwest Atlantic suggests that the subtropical gyre was deeper and stronger during the Last Glacial Maximum compared with today. Jack H. Wharton, Martin Renoult, Geoffrey Gebbie et al. Groundwater-dependent ecosystem map exposes global dryland protection needs Mapping of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, which support biodiversity and rural livelihoods, shows they occur on more than one-third of global drylands analysed, but lack protections to safeguard these critical ecosystems and the societies dependent upon them from groundwater depletion. Melissa M. Rohde, Christine M. Albano, Xander Huggins et al. Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave Zooarchaeological and proteomic analyses of bones from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau identify a hominin rib specimen, and provide insight into the ways Denisovans interacted with their surrounding environment and made use of animal resources. Huan Xia, Dongju Zhang, Jian Wang et al. Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers Population-scale ancient genomics are used to infer ancestry, social structure and pathogen infection in 108 Scandinavian Neolithic individuals from eight megalithic graves and a stone cist, showing that Neolithic plague was widespread. Frederik Valeur Seersholm, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Julia Koelman et al. Sources of gene expression variation in a globally diverse human cohort A new open-access RNA sequencing dataset, MAGE, of 731 individuals across geographically diverse human populations provides a valuable resource to study genetic diversity and evolution and expands the capacity to identify new genetic associations. Dylan J. Taylor, Surya B. Chhetri, Michael G. Tassia et al. Psilocybin desynchronizes the human brain Healthy adults were tracked before, during and after high doses of psilocybin and methylphenidate to assess how psychedelics can change human brain networks, and psilocybin was found to massively disrupt functional connectivity in cortex and subcortex with some changes persisting for weeks. Joshua S. Siegel, Subha Subramanian, Demetrius Perry et al. Adenosine signalling to astrocytes coordinates brain metabolism and function This study explores how adenosine A2B receptors can act as astrocytic sensors of brain metabolic activity and how cAMP signalling in astrocytes may support core brain functions such as sleep and memory. Shefeeq M. Theparambil, Olga Kopach, Alice Braga et al. Adaptation to photoperiod via dynamic neurotransmitter segregation Changes in day length, conveyed by the preoptic area, drive axonal neurotransmitter reorganization in median raphe dual serotonin–glutamate neurons to regulate behaviour and sleep timing, highlighting a photoperiod-sensitive brain circuit. G. Maddaloni, Y. J. Chang, R. A. Senft et al. Inhibition of IL-11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan IL-11 is identified as a key regulator of ERK–AMPK–mTORC1 signalling, metabolism, inflammation and age-related disease and lifespan in mouse and human. Anissa A. Widjaja, Wei-Wen Lim, Sivakumar Viswanathan et al. Identification of plant transcriptional activation domains A high-throughput yeast-based assay is used to identify more than 1,500 activation domains (ADs) in Arabidopsis transcription factors, and a deep learning approach applied to this dataset can predict AD activity on the basis of sequence features. Nicholas Morffy, Lisa Van den Broeck, Caelan Miller et al. An enterococcal phage-derived enzyme suppresses graft-versus-host disease An analysis of the intestinal microbiome of people who have undergone allogenic haematopoietic cell transplantation shows that an enzyme derived from a bacteriophage has specific antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, and suppresses E. faecalis-associated graft-versus-host disease. Kosuke Fujimoto, Tetsuya Hayashi, Mako Yamamoto et al. Neoantigen-specific cytotoxic Tr1 CD4 T cells suppress cancer immunotherapy Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells represent a major obstacle that compromises naturally occurring and therapeutically induced tumour-specific immunity. Hussein Sultan, Yoshiko Takeuchi, Jeffrey P. Ward et al. Split intein-mediated protein trans-splicing to express large dystrophins A method is developed for expressing large dystrophins to enhance muscle function in mouse models of muscular dystrophy, with potential clinical benefits for numerous disorders caused by mutations in large genes that exceed the adeno-associated virus capacity. Hichem Tasfaout, Christine L. Halbert, Timothy S. McMillen et al. Clonal inactivation of TERT impairs stem cell competition Studies in mice show that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has a role in enhancing stem cell competition that is independent of its reverse transcriptase activity, and promotes chromatin accessibility and activity of the MYC oncogene. Kazuteru Hasegawa, Yang Zhao, Alina Garbuzov et al. Molecular mechanism of ligand gating and opening of NMDA receptor Cryo-electron microscopy structures of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in open and apo states reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the dual ligand requirement for its channel gating and opening. Tsung-Han Chou, Max Epstein, Russell G. Fritzemeier et al.

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